The Vigilance Mechanism toward AI: The Impact of Authorship on the Perception of Digital Painting
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Chen Jing, professor, PhD; |
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Liu Ao, master candidate, corresponding author, E-mail: liuao@mails.ccnu.edu.cn. |
Received date: 2024-11-13
Online published: 2025-04-28
Supported by
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities titled “Research on Collaborative Mechanism between Generative Artificial Intelligence and the Human Brain”(CCNUJCPT2024003701)
[Purpose/Significance] The human-AI co-creation of digital painting is prevalent in digital humanistic art works, yet the impact of authorship on the perception of digital humanistic works co-created by human and AI remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the influence of authorship on the perception of digital painting and the regulating role of culture, in order to reveal feedback on the use of AI-generated content, providing direction for human-AI co-creative research. [Method/Process] The study employed a mixed experimental design: 4 (authorship: human/AI/human-led co-creation/AI-led co-creation) × 2 (cultural background: native/non-native). Forty-eight participants were divided into two groups and viewed four digital painting works of the same genre but with different authorship origins. Their perceptions of the works were assessed using scales that measured perceived quality, spatial presence, perceived imaginativeness and empathy. [Result/Conclusion] The study reveals participants demonstrated a vigilance mechanism towards AI when perceiving the abstract attributes (perceived imaginativeness and empathy) of digital paintings, with a more pronounced presence in empathy than in perceived imaginativeness. Furthermore, culture plays a regulating role in the impact of authorship on empathy of digital painting.
Key words: human-AI co-creation; authorship; perception; digital humanities
Chen Jing , Liu Ao . The Vigilance Mechanism toward AI: The Impact of Authorship on the Perception of Digital Painting[J]. Knowledge Management Forum, 2025 , 10(1) : 29 -45 . DOI: 10.13266/j.issn.2095-5472.2025.003
表1 拉丁方轮转示意表格Table 1 Schematic representation of the Latin Square |
| 组合 | 刺激物 | 被试 | ||||
| 画1 | 画2 | 画3 | 画4 | 中国学生 | 留学生 | |
| C1 | S1 | S2 | S4 | S3 | 1-6 | 1-6 |
| C2 | S2 | S3 | S1 | S4 | 7-12 | 7-12 |
| C3 | S3 | S4 | S2 | S1 | 13-18 | 13-18 |
| C4 | S4 | S1 | S3 | S2 | 19-24 | 19-24 |
注:S1:“张佳铭”(人类);S2:“小小度”(AI);S3:“张佳铭,小小度”(人主导的人智共创);S4:“小小度,张佳铭”(AI主导的人智共创) |
表2 被试人口统计学特征Table 2 Demographic information of participants |
| 项目 | 中国学生 | 留学生 | |||
| 频数 /个 | 百分比 /% | 频数 /个 | 百分比 /% | ||
| 性别 | 男 | 7 | 29.17 | 10 | 41.67 |
| 女 | 17 | 70.83 | 14 | 58.33 | |
| 文化程度 | 本科 | 10 | 41.67 | 10 | 41.67 |
| 硕士研究生 | 13 | 54.17 | 11 | 45.83 | |
| 博士研究生 | 1 | 4.17 | 3 | 12.50 | |
| 了解程度 (对中国传统绘画) | 非常不了解 | 1 | 4.17 | 1 | 4.17 |
| 不了解 | 8 | 33.33 | 7 | 29.17 | |
| 稍微不了解 | 2 | 8.33 | 6 | 25.00 | |
| 一般 | 8 | 33.33 | 6 | 25.00 | |
| 稍微了解 | 5 | 20.83 | 4 | 16.67 | |
| 学习或培训时长 (对中国传统绘画) | 从未 | 14 | 58.33 | 22 | 91.67 |
| 一年内 | 10 | 41.67 | 2 | 8.33 | |
表3 测量项目Table 3 Measurement items for variables |
| 变量 | 编号 | 测量题项 | 参考文献 |
| 感知质量 | PQ1 | 令人愉快的 | S. S. Sundar[63] |
| PQ2 | 清晰的 | ||
| PQ3 | 流畅的 | ||
| PQ4 | 画功好的 | ||
| PQ5 | 生动的 | ||
| PQ6 | 有趣的 | ||
| PQ7 | 简明的 | ||
| PQ8 | 结构完整的 | ||
| PQ9 | 信息量大的 | ||
| 空间存在感 | SP1 | 你在画中感受到的身临其境的程度有多大? | M. Lombard等[64] |
| SP2 | 你能在多大程度上伸手触摸画中的物体? | ||
| SP3 | 画中物体或人物在多大程度似乎来到你所在的地方? | ||
| 感知想象力 | PI1 | 有想象力 | Y. Wu等[27] |
| PI2 | 有创造性 | ||
| PI3 | 有创新性 | ||
| 同理心 | E1 | 我对这幅画的画家产生了良好的感觉 | S. A. A. Jin[65] |
| E2 | 我感觉与这幅画的画家产生共鸣 | ||
| E3 | 在看到在幅画的过程中,我感觉自己与这幅画的画家很亲近 | ||
| E4 | 我认同这幅画的画家 |
表4 单因素重复测量方差分析结果Table 4 The results of one-way repeated measures ANOVA |
| 变量 | 作者身份 | 均值 | 标准差 | F | P-value |
| 感知质量 | S1:人 | 4.711 | 1.069 | 2.440 | 0.077 |
| S2:AI | 4.190 | 1.165 | |||
| S3:人智共创(人主导) | 4.627 | 1.251 | |||
| S4:人智共创(AI主导) | 4.525 | 1.099 | |||
| 空间存在感 | S1:人 | 3.674 | 1.557 | 2.429 | 0.084 |
| S2:AI | 3.306 | 1.850 | |||
| S3:人智共创(人主导) | 3.951 | 1.614 | |||
| S4:人智共创(AI主导) | 3.556 | 1.617 | |||
| 感知想象力 | S1:人 | 4.319a | 1.312 | 3.383 | 0.020 |
| S2:AI | 3.826a,b | 1.653 | |||
| S3:人智共创(人主导) | 4.507b,d | 1.305 | |||
| S4:人智共创(AI主导) | 4.062d | 1.415 | |||
| 同理心 | S1:人 | 4.214a | 1.358 | 3.925 | 0.010 |
| S2:AI | 3.537a,b,c | 1.330 | |||
| S3:人智共创(人主导) | 4.083b | 1.282 | |||
| S4:人智共创(AI主导) | 3.990c | 1.381 |
注:a表示LSD多重比较中“S1”同“S2”之间具有显著差异;b表示LSD多重比较中S2同S3之间具有显著差异;c表示LSD多重比较中S2同S4 之间具有显著差异;d表示LSD多重比较中S3同S4之间具有显著差异 |
表5 从文化背景角度看作者身份对画作感知影响Table 5 The impact of authorship on perception of painting across different cultural backgrounds |
| 文化背景 | 作者身份(I) | 作者身份(J) | 平均值差值(I-J) | 标准差误差 | 显著性 |
| 中国学生 | S1:人 | S2:AI | 1.448* | 0.334 | 0.000 |
| S3:人智共创(人主导) | 0.250 | 0.300 | 0.409 | ||
| S4:人智共创(AI主导) | 0.500 | 0.274 | 0.075 | ||
| S2:AI | S1:人 | -1.448* | 0.334 | 0.000 | |
| S3:人智共创(人主导) | -1.198* | 0.265 | 0.000 | ||
| S4:人智共创(AI主导) | -0.948* | 0.262 | 0.001 | ||
| S3:人智共创(人主导) | S1:人 | -0.250 | 0.300 | 0.409 | |
| S2:AI | 1.198* | 0.265 | 0.000 | ||
| S4:人智共创(AI主导) | 0.250 | 0.254 | 0.330 | ||
| S4:人智共创(AI主导) | S1:人 | -0.500 | 0.274 | 0.075 | |
| S2:AI | 0.948* | 0.262 | 0.001 | ||
| S3:人智共创(人主导) | -0.250 | 0.254 | 0.330 | ||
| 留学生 | S1:人 | S2:AI | -0.094 | 0.334 | 0.780 |
| S3:人智共创(人主导) | 0.010 | 0.300 | 0.972 | ||
| S4:人智共创(AI主导) | -0.052 | 0.274 | 0.850 | ||
| S2:AI | S1:人 | 0.094 | 0.334 | 0.780 | |
| S3:人智共创(人主导) | 0.104 | 0.265 | 0.696 | ||
| S4:人智共创(AI主导) | 0.042 | 0.262 | 0.874 | ||
| S3:人智共创(人主导) | S1:人 | -0.010 | 0.300 | 0.972 | |
| S2:AI | -0.104 | 0.265 | 0.696 | ||
| S4:人智共创(AI主导) | -0.063 | 0.254 | 0.807 | ||
| S4:人智共创(AI主导) | S1:人 | 0.052 | 0.274 | 0.850 | |
| S2:AI | -0.042 | 0.262 | 0.874 | ||
| S3:人智共创(人主导) | 0.063 | 0.254 | 0.807 |
注:*表示平均值差值的显著性水平为0.05 |
表6 从作者身份角度看文化背景对画作感知影响的差异Table 6 The impact of cultural background on perception of painting across different authorship |
| 作者身份 | 文化背景(I) | 文化背景(J) | 平均值差值(I-J) | 标准差误差 | 显著性 |
| S1:人 | 中国学生 | 留学生 | 0.844* | 0.376 | 0.030 |
| 留学生 | 中国学生 | -0.844* | 0.376 | 0.030 | |
| S2:AI | 中国学生 | 留学生 | -0.698 | 0.374 | 0.069 |
| 留学生 | 中国学生 | 0.698 | 0.374 | 0.069 | |
| S3:人智共创(人主导) | 中国学生 | 留学生 | 0.604 | 0.363 | 0.103 |
| 留学生 | 中国学生 | -0.604 | 0.363 | 0.103 | |
| S4:人智共创(AI主导) | 中国学生 | 留学生 | 0.292 | 0.401 | 0.470 |
| 留学生 | 中国学生 | -0.292 | 0.401 | 0.470 |
注:*表示平均值差值的显著性水平为0.05 |
陈 静:提出研究思路和方法,修改论文;
刘 奥:采集数据,撰写论文。
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