Multi-Granularity Feature Fusion for Named Entity Recognition of Classical Chinese Texts from the Perspective of Digital Humanities
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Meng Jiana, professor, PhD, master supervisor; |
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Xu Ying’ao, master candidate; |
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Zhao Dandan, associate professor, PhD, master supervisor, corresponding author, E-mail: 86313700@qq.com; |
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Li Fengyi, master candidate; |
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Zhao Di, lecturer, PhD. |
Received date: 2024-07-22
Online published: 2025-04-28
Supported by
Humanities and Social Sciences Research Planning Fund project titled “The Research on the Internet Smart Dissemination of Chinese Culture Based on Knowledge Graphs”(23YJA860010)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities project titled “Research on Sentiment Analysis Based on Large Models and Knowledge-Driven Approaches”(140250)
[Purpose/Significance] Leveraging Named Entity Recognition (NER) techniques for the thorough exploration of ancient literary documents not only drives forward the digitization of ancient Chinese texts, including the vital process of Ancient text digitization, which is crucial for historical studies, bolstering cultural confidence, promoting traditional Chinese culture, and advancing Named Entity Recognition (NER) as a foundational task in NLP. [Method/Process] A method for named entity recognition in classical Chinese texts with multi-granularity feature fusion was proposed, Leveraging "Zuo Zhuan" as the research corpus and formulating named entity recognition tasks for personal names, geographical names, temporal entities, etc. Initially, ancient character information, part-of-speech (POS) information, and glyph features were integrated to enhance input feature representation. Subsequently, auxiliary tasks for predicting entity boundaries were introduced, alongside the utilization of a Transfer Interactor heuristic to learn classical Chinese entity formation rules. This was complemented by joint contextual information extraction using BiLSTM and IDCNN (Iterated Dilated Convolutional Neural Network). Finally, learned features were weighted and merged into a CRF (Conditional Random Field) for entity prediction. [Result/Conclusion] Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method of multi-granularity feature fusion for named entity recognition in classical Chinese texts enhances precision, recall, and F1 score by 5.09%, 13.45%, and 9.87%, respectively, compared to the mainstream BERT-BiLSTM-CRF method. Multi-granularity feature fusion for named entity recognition in classical Chinese texts is crucial for accurately identifying named entities in ancient texts.
Meng Jiana , Xu Yingao , Zhao Dandan , Li Fengyi , Zhao Di . Multi-Granularity Feature Fusion for Named Entity Recognition of Classical Chinese Texts from the Perspective of Digital Humanities[J]. Knowledge Management Forum, 2024 , 9(6) : 533 -546 . DOI: 10.13266/j.issn.2095-5472.2024.039
,每一个字符的向量表示如公式(1)所示:
和一个词性向量序列
,对于融合后的向量表示如公式(2)所示:
和融合3种字体的字形结构向量序列
,对于嵌入后的向量表示如公式(3)所示:
、
为两个独立BILSTM的输出,将其分别与特征交互矩阵W相乘并用双曲正切函数激活,得到包含实体头与实体尾关联特征信息的矩阵
、
。计算方法如公式(4)、公式(5)所示:
、
分别与特征降维矩阵V相乘,进一步优化特征空间,并对其归一化得到信息矩阵
、
。计算方法如公式(6)、公式(7)所示:
、
分别与信息矩阵
、
相乘,得到包含了实体头与实体尾特征关联关系的输出矩阵Head_out和Tail_out。计算方法如公式(8)、公式(9)所示:
、
、
分别为可学习参数,可以更好地平衡不同
模块对于模型的贡献程度。
和
分别为预测实体头与实体尾的输出矩阵,为学习到的特征融合矩阵。
表1 《左传》数据集统计表Table 1 Data set statistical table of Zuo Zhuan (单位:千) |
| 数据集 | 类型 | 训练集大小 | 验证集大小 | 测试集大小 |
| 《左传》 | Sentence Char | 8.9K 21.4K | 1.2K 3.7K | 1.0K 3.0K |
表2 《左传》实体分布统计表Table 2 Entity distribution statistical table of Zuo Zhuan (单位:个) |
| 实体种类 | 训练集 | 验证集 | 测试集 |
| 人名 | 10 662 | 2 107 | 2 157 |
| 地名 | 5 199 | 1 486 | 1 875 |
| 时间 | 1 474 | 472 | 459 |
表3 《左传》序列标注方式Table 3 Sequence labeling of Zuo Zhuan |
| 字 | 含义 | 序列标签 | 字 | 含义 | 序列标签 |
| 簡 | 人名 | B-Name | 有 | 非实体词 | O |
| 子 | 人名 | E-Name | , | 非实体词 | O |
| 謂 | 非实体词 | O | 而 | 非实体词 | O |
| 無 | 人名 | B-Name | 無 | 非实体词 | O |
| 恤 | 人名 | E-Name | 以 | 非实体词 | O |
| 曰 | 非实体词 | O | 尹 | 人名 | B-Name |
| : | 非实体词 | O | 鐸 | 人名 | E-Name |
| “ | 非实体词 | O | 為 | 非实体词 | O |
| 晉 | 地名 | B-LOC | 少 | 非实体词 | O |
| 國 | 地名 | E-LOC | ” | 非实体词 | O |
| 難 | 非实体词 | O | 。 | 非实体词 | O |
表4 HanLP2.x分词及词性标注效果Table 4 HanLP 2.x segmentation and part-of-speech tagging performance |
| 《左传》原文选取 | HanLP2.x分词 | HanLP2.x词性标注 |
| 春秋左傳隱公 | 春秋||左傳||隱公 | t||n||nr |
| 元年春,王周正月,不書卽位,攝也。 | 元年||春||,||王周||正月||,||不|| 書||卽位||,||攝||也||。 | t||Tg||w||nr||t|w||d|Vg||v||w||Vg||v||w |
| 三月,公及邾儀父盟于蔑——邾子克也。 | 三月||,||公||及||邾儀||父||盟||于||蔑||——||邾子||克||也||。 | t||w||Ng||v||nr||n||Vg||p||Ng||w||n||nr||y||w |
| 夏四月,費伯帥師城郎。 | 夏||四月||,||費伯||帥||師||城||郎||。 | Tg||t||w||nr||Vg||Ng||ns||Ng||w |
表5 参数设置表Table 5 Parameter settings table |
| 超参数 | 值 |
| 学习率 | 1e-5 |
| Batch大小 | 16 |
| 迭代次数 | 100 |
| 卷积核大小 | 3×3 |
| BiLSTM隐藏层维度 | 128 |
| 输入句子最大长度 | 100 |
| BERT隐藏层维度 | 768 |
| 图像特征维度 | 1 200 |
| 梯度下降优化器 | Adam |
| Dropout | 0.3 |
表6 预训练模型实验对比Table 6 Pre-training model experiment comparison |
| 对比预训练模型 | 评估指标/% | ||
| P | R | F1 | |
| Bert-base-Chinese+BiLSTM+CRF | 86.25 | 64.16 | 73.58 |
| Bert-ancient-Chinese+BiLSTM+CRF | 89.17 | 70.12 | 78.72 |
| SikuBERT+BiLSTM+CRF | 87.92 | 69.91 | 77.89 |
| SikuRoBERTa+BiLSTM+CRF | 88.31 | 70.35 | 78.32 |
| GuwenBERT+BiLSTM+CRF | 55.27 | 35.88 | 43.51 |
表7 不同分词方式实验对比Table 7 Experimental comparison of different segmentation methods |
| 分词方式 | 评估指标/% | ||
| P | R | F1 | |
| jieba | 90.66 | 70.14 | 79.09 |
| HanLP2.x | 91.95 | 73.14 | 81.47 |
| HanLP2.x+人工重构 | 88.02 | 77.25 | 82.28 |
表8 不同模型对比实验Table 8 Comparative experiment of different model |
| 模型 | 评估指标 | ||
| P/% | R/% | F1/% | |
| FLAT | 88.69 | 75.83 | 81.76 |
| SIMP | 89.73 | 75.96 | 82.13 |
| MECT | 90.07 | 75.04 | 81.85 |
| HGN | 88.53 | 79.12 | 83.56 |
| MG-NER-Glyph | 94.26 | 83.57 | 88.59 |
| MG-NER+Glyph | 91.33 | 84.32 | 87.67 |
表9 消融实验Table 9 Ablation experiment |
| 模型 | 评估指标/% | ||
| P | R | F1 | |
| MG-NER-Glyph | 94.26 | 83.57 | 88.59 |
| MG-NER+Glyph | 91.33 | 84.32 | 87.67 |
| -IDCNN | 91.72 | 77.74 | 83.58 |
| -Transfer交互器 | 93.95 | 81.56 | 87.07 |
| -Pos | 91.90 | 79.42 | 84.91 |
| -边界感知层 | 92.66 | 80.37 | 85.86 |
孟佳娜:设计研究方案,修改论文;
许英傲:提出研究思路,撰写论文;
赵丹丹:采集、清洗和分析数据;
李丰毅:设计实验,处理数据;
赵 迪:修订论文与定稿。
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