Research on Scientific Data Security Behavior Based on Scientific Research Process
Received date: 2019-02-25
Online published: 2025-04-28
[Purpose/significance] This paper defines the concept of scientific data security behavior, and combines different stages of research activities to analyze how to ensure the safety of scientific data in the scientific research process. It is of great significance to standardize the scientific data security behavior of scientific researchers, promote scientific data security management, formulate scientific data security policies, and improve the scientific data security management system. [Method/process] The network research method was adopted to integrate the definition of information security behavior and scientific data security management, and then, the concept of scientific data security behavior was proposed. On this basis, starting from the theory, this paper combined with the practical experience of scientific data management and sharing to explained that way to ensure the security of scientific data through personal behavior. [Result/conclusion] At this stage, scientific data security management is aimed at scientific data management platform. Research on scientific data security from the perspective of behavior is still in its infancy. Based on the scientific research process, this paper analyzes how to standardize the behavior of scientific researchers to improve the security of scientific data from two aspects. First, in the stage which existence of scientific data security risk, combined with the policy of scientific data management, this paper proposes a targeted improvement strategy. Second, for the stage where there is no obvious security risk, suggestions are put forward which based on the practical experience of scientific data management at home and abroad.
Yang Yan , Ruan Jianhai . Research on Scientific Data Security Behavior Based on Scientific Research Process[J]. Knowledge Management Forum, 2019 , 4(4) : 218 -231 . DOI: 10.13266/j.issn.2095-5472.2019.024
表1 数据管理计划应包含的内容 |
| 描述项目 | 内容 |
| 科研项目 | 研究目的;数据的来源;如何获取数据;数据的类型;数据管理的权责划分 |
| 数据的组织和存储 | 元数据的创建、管理、存储说明;文件命名规则说明;本地存储和备份过程说明;数据读取说明(查看数据需要用到什么工具和软件) |
| 数据的获取、分享和重用 | 谁有权访问这些数据;可以通过哪些途径获取;数据共享说明(是否涉及隐私、道德或保密问题);这项研究的知识产权说明;是否允许数据重用;数据的授权(是否允许商业用途) |
| 数据存档 | 数据长期保存说明(是否会存储在数据存储中心,如果不是,将如何存储数据);数据的保存时间 |
表2 科学数据存储格式 |
| 文件类型 | 建议的存储格式 |
| 文本文件 | XML、PDF/A、HTML、ASCII、UTF-8 |
| 音频文件 | WAVA、AIFF、MP3、MXF |
| 压缩文件 | TAR、GZIP、ZIP |
| 数据库文件 | XML、CSV |
| 地理空间数据 | SHP、DBF、GeoTIFF、NetCDF |
| 运动图像 | MOV、MPEG、AVI、MXF |
| 统计数据 | ASCII、DTA、POR、SAS、SAV |
| 静态图像 | TIFF、JPEG2000、PDF、PNG、GIF、BMP |
| 表格数据 | CSV |
| 网页 | WARC |
表3 制定数据备份策略 |
| 备份项目 | 具体内容 |
| 备份的内容 | 根据机构是否可以恢复系统的具体情况,考虑是备份特定的数据还是备份整个系统。如果可以恢复系统,则只需要备份数据文件即可 |
| 是否包含敏感信息 | 如果数据文件涉及个人敏感信息,应该只创建所需的最少的备份副本,并对数据进行加密 |
| 备份的频次 | 建议在每次更改数据后进行备份,或定期备份,或者借助工具对关键数据文件进行自动备份 |
| 可实现自动备份的工具 | 微软的synctoy、苹果Mac的Time Machine等 |
| 备份存储介质的选择 | 少量的数据文件可以使用CD/DVD等,如果是大量的数据文件,则建议使用移动硬盘驱动器等 |
| 备份数据的保存格式 | 采用适合长期保存的文件格式,可参照表2 |
| 增量备份还是差异备份 | 增量备份是指备份自上一次备份之后有变化的数据,建议使用可移动设备进行备份。差异备份是指备份上一次完全备份之后有差异的数据,建议使用固定介质(如硬盘驱动器)进行备份 |
| 如何组织备份数据 | 通过建立标签体系,定期验证备份的文件,通过与原始文件进行比较,检查其完整性。 |
| 备份数据的存储位置 | 一般数据可以存储在网络云盘上,对于涉及个人信息的数据建议脱机存储 |
表4 哈佛大学的数据分级制度 |
| 级别 | 描述 |
| Level5:极其敏感的数据 | 如果泄露会对个人或学校造成严重伤害的数据,如可识别个人身份的医疗信息、遗传信息 |
| Level4:非常敏感的数据 | 如果泄露可能会对个人或学校造成严重伤害的数据,如可识别的财务信息、国家安全信息、可获取机密信息的密码 |
| Level3:敏感或机密额数据 | 如果泄露可能会对个人或学校造成重大风险的数据,包括机构人事记录,财务记录,个人捐助信息,除第四、五等级之外受法律保护的个人信息 |
| Level2:保密的良性数据 | 泄露不会造成重大损害,学校还是会选择保密的数据,包括未发表的科研成果以及第三、四等级之外的知识产权、论文初稿、专利申请文件 |
| Level1:非保密的数据 | 公共信息,包括没有身份标识的科研数据、已发表的研究数据、学校公开信息等 |
表5 数据描述的基本要素 |
| 描述项目 | 描述 |
| 题名 | 数据集或科研项目的名字 |
| 作者 | 创建数据的机构或研究人员的名字 |
| 标识符 | 用于标识数据的编号 |
| 主题 | 描述数据的关键词或短语 |
| 资助者 | 资助研究项目的组织或机构 |
| 权限 | 其他研究者如何获取数据的说明 |
| 语言 | 研究成果所包含数据资源的语言 |
| 日期 | 与数据有关的关键信息,包括项目开始日期、结束日期、发布日期、所经历的时间周期。其他的日期如数据更新日期、维护周期等 |
| 地址 | 记录与数据有关的物理空间信息 |
| 方法 | 数据的收集方法,包括所使用的设备和软件、实验协议等 |
| 数据处理 | 关于数据处理的过程和步骤 |
| 资源 | 引用的其它数据资源,记录其数据来源和获取方法 |
| 文件列表 | 与该科研项目有关的所有数据文件名单 |
| 文件格式 | 对数据格式的说明 |
| 文件结构 | 数据文件的层级 |
| 变量列表 | 数据文件中所涉及的所有变量列表 |
| 代码清单 | 对文件名或数据文件中的变量使用的代码或缩写的解释 |
| 版本 | 每个文件发布的时间 |
| 校验 | 参照备份的文件,测试文件是否随着时间的推移而更改 |
表6 不同学科的元数据标准 |
| 学科 | 元数据标准 |
| 社会科学数据 | 社会科学标准(DDI) |
| 地理空间数据 | 数字地理元数据内容标准(CSDGM) 地理信息国际标准(ISO19115:2003) |
| 人文数据 | 都柏林核心集(DC) |
| 多媒体数据 | 数字图像的元数据标准(NISO Z39.87-2002) |
| 天文数据 | 天文可视化元数据标准(AVM) |
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