[目的/意义] 科学数据出版是数据密集型科学发现的主要学术传播方式，对于实现数据重用、科学验证具有重要的意义。[方法/过程] 地球科学从原有的数据共享模式到目前的数据出版发生了巨大的变化。作者将数据出版分为数据期刊出版、数据仓储出版、数据和论文联合出版3种模式，对于每一种模式的实践方法和关键要素进行统计和对比，重点分析三种模式的优劣、同行数据评议问题和地学数据出版中分层元数据的重要性。[结果/结论] 通过研究，作者提出基于仓储的出版便于融入科学数据管理过程，有利于数据重用，但是此类出版方式缺少同行评议；数据的同行评议应该有别于学术论文，注重数据在参与科研和产生再生性成果的过程中的重用性；元数据的分层描述对于地学大数据的保存和重用都具有重要意义。

[Purpose/significance] Scientific data publishing is the main mode of academic communication for data-intensive scientific discovery, which is of great significance for data reuse and scientific verification. [Method/process] Earth sciences has undergone a great change from the data sharing model to the current data publishing. Current practices of data publishing can be divided into three modes: data journal publishing, data warehousing publishing, data and paper joint publishing. The author made statistics and comparison on the practice methods and key elements of each mode, and emphatically analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of the three modes, peer data review issues and the importance of hierarchical metadata in geoscience data publishing. [Result/conclusion] Through research, the author proposes that warehouse-based publishing facilitates integration into scientific data management process and facilitates data reuse. However, such publishing mode usually lacks peer review. Peer review of data should be different from academic papers and should focus on the reusability of data in the process of participating in scientific research and producing regenerative results. The hierarchical description of metadata is of great significance to the preservation and reuse of geoscience big data.