基于全文计量的COVID-19论文撤稿后持续被引现象研究
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任檐雨,本科生; |
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杨思洛,教授,博士生导师,通信作者,E-mail:58605025@qq.com。 |
收稿日期: 2023-04-04
网络出版日期: 2025-04-28
基金资助
国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“基于全文计量分析的知识交流体系研究”(22FTQB003)
Research on Post-retraction Citations of COVID-19 Articles Based on Full-text Citation
Received date: 2023-04-04
Online published: 2025-04-28
[目的/意义] 新冠(COVID-19)疫情期间,有较多相关主题的论文被撤稿,但通过各权威数据库或网站检索发现,这些论文在撤稿后仍被持续引用。本研究旨在从引文内容层面分析其撤稿后的传播和影响,并就重大公共事件中引证和撤稿机制的优化提出建议,以促进学术交流的良性发展。[方法/过程] 首先从WoS、Scopus和PubMed数据库中获取COVID-19撤稿论文及其施引文献全文,并对施引文献中的引文上下文进行人工抽取;然后通过撤稿标记情况、引用对象、引用位置和引用情感4个维度构成的全文引文分析框架进行人工标注和内容分析。[结果/结论] COVID-19撤稿论文被识别的概率和速度远超生物医学领域的其他论文,撤稿机制起到一定的学术净化作用;但其内容仍在扩散,其中的不可靠和错误信息大量传播。此现象须引起研究者、期刊及数据库等各方足够的重视,重大公共事件中的引证和撤稿机制亟待优化。
任檐雨 , 杨思洛 . 基于全文计量的COVID-19论文撤稿后持续被引现象研究[J]. 知识管理论坛, 2023 , 8(5) : 399 -413 . DOI: 10.13266/j.issn.2095-5472.2023.033
[Purpose/Significance] During the COVID-19 pandemic, many papers on this topic were withdrawn. But it was found through authoritative databases or websites that these papers have been cited even after the retraction. This study aims to analyze the dissemination and impact of retraction at the level of citation content, and to put forward suggestions on the optimization of citation and retraction mechanisms in major public events, in order to promote the healthy development of academic exchanges. [Method/Process] Firstly, the full text of COVID-19 retraction papers and citation references were obtained from WOS, Scopus, and PubMed databases, and the citation context in the citation references was manually extracted. Then, manual annotation and content analysis were carried out through the full-text citation analysis framework consisting of four dimensions: retraction mark situation, citation object, citation position, and citation emotion. [Result/Conclusion] The probability and speed of recognition of COVID-19 retracted papers are much higher than other papers in the biomedical field, and the retracted mechanism plays a certain role in academic purification. But its content continues to spread, with unreliability and misinformation spreading widely. This phenomenon should be paid enough attention by researchers, journals and databases, and the mechanism of citation and retraction in important public events should be optimized urgently.
表1 撤稿原因释义Table 1 Explanation of reasons for retraction |
| 撤稿原因 | 释义 |
| 数据问题 | 无法提供支撑研究的原始数据或数据不可靠;提供的数据无法支持其结论; 无法提供充分的数据检查或验证;根据主观观点编造、篡改数据结果 |
| 错误或不可靠 | 实验的材料﹑对象、器材、方法; 研究的文本、图像、分析、方法、结果、结论存在错误或争议 |
| 伦理问题 | 违反伦理标准;虚假同行评议;未经过同行评议;存在利益冲突; 冒用作者身份;缺乏审批及批准等 |
| 抄袭 | 不正当或未经许可复制、模仿、使用他人的图表和数据且未注明参考文献 |
| 其他原因 | 未说明原因;自我抄袭、重复发表等 |
表2 撤稿标记情况划分标准Table 2 Classification standard of retraction marks |
| 类型 | 划分标准 |
| 已标记撤稿 | 直接指出被引文献已撤稿;批判撤稿论文作者的不当行为、 引用撤稿原因、将撤稿论文作为问题科学的典型案例等含蓄表达 |
| 未标记撤稿 | 施引文献中没有涉及任何关于撤稿的信息 |
表3 引用对象分类体系Table 3 Classification system of citation objects |
| 引用对象 | 划分标准 | |
| 概念术语 | 引用撤稿论文中的概念、定义或名词术语 | |
| 方法工具 | 引用撤稿论文的工具或方法 | |
| 实验数据 | 引用撤稿论文中的实验数据 | |
| 结果结论 | 核心结果 | 引用撤稿论文核心结果或重要的观点结论 |
| 中间结果 | 引用撤稿论文中的某个或多个实验结果/ 对实验结果的解释 / 部分但非核心或重要的观点结论 | |
| 其他 | 引用撤稿论文中的其他语句 | |
| 对文章内容进行粗略的引用(不涉及问题部分) | ||
表4 引用位置划分标准Table 4 Classification standard of citation position |
| 引用位置 | 划分标准 |
| Introduction(引言) | Introduction / Background / Related Works / Review |
| Data & Methods (数据与方法) | Data & Methods / Materials & Methods / Methods / Materials / Methods & Design / Methods &Analysis / Model Design |
| Results(结果) | Results / Methods & Analysis / Results and Discussion |
| Discussion & Conclusion (讨论与结论) | Discussion & Conclusion / Discussion / Conclusion /Implication |
表5 引用情感分类体系Table 5 Classification system of citation emotion |
| 类型 | 判别标准 |
| 正面 | (1)对引文研究内容、价值、影响等的肯定 |
| (2)运用引文的方法、数据、工具、结论等 | |
| (3)比较引文的方法、结果等 | |
| 中性 | (1)引用以交代、介绍研究背景 |
| (2)对引文观点、概念等不带感情的引用 | |
| (3)对引文数据、事件等的描述 | |
| (4)指出引文已撤稿但肯定其部分价值 | |
| 负面 | (1)明确指出引文的不足、局限性 |
| (2)否认、质疑引文观点或内容 | |
| (3)指出引文已撤稿或存在争议、描述撤稿原因及经过、批判引文作者的错误行为等 |
表6 引文内容标注示例Table 6 Examples of citation content annotation |
| 施引文献 | 被引撤稿文献 | 引用语句 | 引用位置 | 引用对象 | 引用情感 | 撤稿标记 情况 |
| Nosocomial COVID-19 infection in a long-term hospital in Spain: retrospective observational study | Cardiovascular disease, drug therapy, and mortality in Covid-19 | The World Health Organization (WHO) named the novel coronavirus “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2” (SARS-CoV-2) as the causative virus of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)[ 1 ] | Introduction | 概念术语 | 中性 对引文中的概念不带感情的引用 | 未标记 撤稿 |
| Efficacy of surgical masks or cloth masks in the prevention of viral transmission: systematic review, meta-analysis, and proposal for future trial | Effectiveness of surgical and cotton masks in blocking SARS-CoV-2 | We found one other preclinical study in humans directly studying medical and cloth mask use in SARS‐COV‐2; however, this study was retracted[19] due to errors in analysis and therefore not included in our analysis | Results | / | 负面 指出引文已撤稿 | 已标记 撤稿 |
表7 撤稿标记情况在不同施引文献类型中的分布Table 7 The distribution of retraction marks in different types of citing paper |
| 施引文献类型 | 已标记撤稿/次 | 未标记撤稿/次 | 合计/次 |
| 研究论文 | 275 | 623 | 898 |
| 综述 | 143 | 315 | 458 |
| 系统评价和元分析 | 39 | 81 | 120 |
| 合计 | 457 | 1 019 | 1 476 |
表8 撤稿标记情况在不同撤稿原因中的分布Table 8 The distribution of retraction marks in different retraction reasons |
| 撤稿原因 | 撤稿论文篇数/篇 | 被引次数/次 | 已标记撤稿/次 | 未标记撤稿/次 |
| 数据问题 | 6 | 1 100 | 427 | 673 |
| 错误/争议 | 21 | 193 | 28 | 165 |
| 伦理问题 | 18 | 105 | 2 | 103 |
| 抄袭 | 5 | 25 | 0 | 25 |
| 其他原因 | 2 | 53 | 0 | 53 |
| 合计 | 52 | 1 476 | 457 | 1 019 |
表9 引用对象在不同施引文献类型中的分布Table 9 The distribution of citation objects in different types of citing paper |
| 施引文献类型 | 研究性论文/次 | 综述/次 | 系统评价 和元分析/次 | 合计/次 | |
| 引用对象 | |||||
| 概念术语 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 10 | |
| 方法工具 | 11 | 2 | 1 | 14 | |
| 实验数据 | 37 | 25 | 49 | 110 | |
| 结果结论 | 核心结果 | 396 | 224 | 25 | 632 |
| 中间结果 | 52 | 23 | 4 | 79 | |
| 其他 | 128 | 48 | 4 | 180 | |
| 合计 | 632 | 324 | 83 | 1 025 | |
表10 引用位置分布Table 10 The distribution of citation position |
| 引用位置 | 已标记撤稿 /次 | 未标记撤稿/次 | 合计/次 |
| Introduction | 144 | 308 | 452 |
| Data & Methods | 8 | 17 | 25 |
| Results | 37 | 74 | 111 |
| Discussion & Conclusion | 97 | 288 | 385 |
| Others | 28 | 16 | 44 |
| 合计 | 314 | 703 | 1 017 |
表11 引用情感分布Table 11 The distribution of citation emotion |
| 情感类型 | 已标记撤稿/次 | 未标记撤稿/次 | 合计/次 |
| 正面 | 2 | 210 | 212 |
| 中性 | 6 | 787 | 793 |
| 负面 | 449 | 22 | 471 |
| 合计 | 457 | 1 019 | 1 476 |
任檐雨:进行研究选题与设计,收集与分析数据,撰写论文;
杨思洛:提出研究方向,指导与修订论文。
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